| 哲学家 | zhé xué jiā | philosopher |  |
| 老子 | Lǎo zǐ | Laozi or Lao-tze (c. 500 BC), Chinese philosopher, the founder of Taoism / the sacred book of Daoism, 道德經|道德经[Dao4 de2 jing1] by Laozi |  |
| 孙子 | Sūn zǐ | Sun Tzu, also known as Sun Wu 孫武|孙武[Sun1 Wu3] (c. 500 BC, dates of birth and death uncertain), general, strategist and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period (700-475 BC), believed to be the author of the “Art of War&rdquo / 孫子兵法|孙子兵法[Sun1 zi3 Bing1 fa3], one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書|武经七书[Wu3 jing1 Qi1 shu1] | |
| 孔子 | Kǒng zǐ | Confucius (551-479 BC), Chinese thinker and social philosopher, also known as 孔夫子[Kong3 fu1 zi3] | |
| 孟子 | Mèng zǐ | Mencius (c. 372-c. 289 BC), Confucian philosopher second only to Confucius / book of the same name, one of the classics of Confucianism | |
| 柏拉图 | Bó lā tú | Plato (c. 427-c. 347 BC), Greek philosopher | |
| 老君 | Lǎo jūn | Laozi or Lao-tze (c. 500 BC), Chinese philosopher, the founder of Taoism / the sacred book of Daoism, 道德經|道德经[Dao4 de2 jing1] by Laozi | |
| 恩格斯 | En1 gé sī | Friedrich Engels (1820-1895), socialist philosopher and one of the founder of Marxism | |
| 罗素 | Luó sù | Russell (name) / Bertrand Arthur William, 3rd Earl Russell (1872-1970), British logician, rationalist philosopher and pacifist | |
| 康德 | Kāng dé | Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), German philosopher | |
| 尼采 | Ní cǎi | Friedrich Nietzsche (1846-1900), German philosopher | |
| 苏格拉底 | Sū gé lā dǐ | Socrates (469-399 BC), Greek philosopher / José / Sócrates (1957-), prime minister of Portugal (2005-2011) | |
| 黑格尔 | Hēi gé ěr | Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831), German philosopher | |
| 李斯 | Lǐ Sī | Li Si (c. 280-208 BC), Legalist philosopher, calligrapher and prime minister of Qin kingdom and Qin dynasty from 246 to 208 BC | |
| 萨特 | Sà tè | Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), French existential philosopher and novelist | |
| 亚里士多德 | Yà lǐ shì duō dé | Aristotle (384-322 BC), Greek philosopher | |
| 荀子 | Xún zǐ | Xunzi, (c. 310-237 BC), Confucian philosopher / the Xunzi, a collection of philosophical writings attributed to Xunzi | |
| 卢梭 | Lú suō | Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), Enlightenment philosopher | |
| 无着 | Wú zhuó | Asanga (Buddhist philosopher, c. 4th century AD) | |
| 孔夫子 | Kǒng fū zǐ | Confucius (551-479 BC), Chinese thinker and social philosopher, also known as 孔子[Kong3 zi3] | |
| 孙武 | Sūn Wǔ | Sun Wu, also known as Sun Tzu 孫子|孙子[Sun1 zi3] (c. 500 BC, dates of birth and death uncertain), general, strategist and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period (700-475 BC), believed to be the author of the “Art of War&rdquo / 孫子兵法|孙子兵法[Sun1 zi3 Bing1 fa3], one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書|武经七书[Wu3 jing1 Qi1 shu1] | |
| 商鞅 | Shāng Yāng | Shang Yang (c. 390-338 BC), legalist philosopher and statesman of the state of Qin 秦國|秦国[Qin2 guo2], whose reforms paved the way for the eventual unification of the Chinese empire by the Qin dynasty 秦朝|秦朝[Qin2 chao2] | |
| 韩非子 | Hán Fēi zǐ | another name for Han Fei 韓非|韩非[Han2 Fei1], Legalist philosopher (c. 280-233 BC) / Han Feizi, book of Legalist Philosophy authored by Han Fei 韓非|韩非[Han2 Fei1] during the Warring States Period (475-220 BC) | |
| 墨家 | Mò jiā | Mohist School of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC), founded by the philosopher 墨子[Mo4 zi3] | |
| 董仲舒 | Dǒng Zhòng shū | Dong Zhongshu (179-104 BC), philosopher influential in establishing Confucianism as the established system of values of former Han dynasty | |
| 伏尔泰 | Fú ěr tài | Voltaire (1694-1778), Enlightenment philosopher | |
| 叔本华 | Shū běn huá | Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860), German post-Kantian philosopher | |
| 顾炎武 | Gù Yán wǔ | Gu Yanwu (1613-1682), late Ming and early Qing Confucian philosopher, linguist and historian, played a founding role in phonology of early Chinese, author of Rizhilu or Record of daily study 日知錄|日知录 | |
| 笛卡尔 | Dí kǎ ěr | René / Descartes (1596-1650) French philosopher | |
| 王充 | Wáng Chōng | Wang Chong (27-97), rationalist and critical philosopher | |
| 王阳明 | Wáng Yáng míng | Wang Yangming (1472-1529), Ming dynasty Neo-Confucian philosopher, influential in the School of Mind 心學|心学[xin1 xue2] | |
| 冯友兰 | Féng Yǒu lán | Feng Youlan (1895-1990), distinguished Chinese philosopher | |
| 李贽 | Lǐ Zhì | Li Zhi (1527-1602), late Ming philosopher, historian and writer | |
| 爱默生 | ài mò shēng | Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882), American poet, essayist, and philosopher | |
| 梁漱溟 | Liáng Shù míng | Liang Shuming (1893-1988), modern philosopher and teacher in the neo-Confucian tradition | |
| 孟德斯鸠 | Mèng dé sī jiū | Charles Montesquieu (1689-1755), French political philosopher | |
| 劝学 | quàn xué | On learning, classic book by Confucian philosopher Xun Zi 荀子 / (c. 310-237 BC) | |
| 笛卡儿 | Dí kǎ ér | René / Descartes (1596-1650), French philosopher and author of Discours de la méthode 方法論|方法论 | |
| 休谟 | Xiū mó | David Hume (1711-1776), Scottish Enlightenment philosopher | |
| 德里达 | Dé lǐ dá | Jacques Derrida (1930-2004), philosopher | |
| 惠施 | Huì Shī | Hui Shi, also known as Hui-zi 惠子[Hui4 zi5](c. 370-310 BC), politician and philosopher of the School of Logicians 名家[Ming2 jia1] during the Warring States Period (475-220 BC) | |
| 孔德 | Kǒng dé | Auguste Comte (1798-1857), French philosopher | |
| 孟轲 | Mèng Kē | Mencius 孟子 / (c. 372-c. 289), Confucian philosopher | |
| 斯宾诺莎 | Sī bīn nuò shā | Baruch or Benedict Spinoza (1632-1677), rationalist philosopher | |
| 杨朱 | Yáng Zhū | Yang Zhu (c. 440-360 BC), Chinese philosopher advocating ethical egoism | |
| 西塞罗 | Xī sāi luó | Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC), famous Roman politician, orator and philosopher, murdered at the orders of Marc Anthony | |
| 惠子 | Huì zi | Hui-zi also known as Hui Shi 惠施[Hui4 Shi1] (c. 370-310 BC), politician and philosopher of the School of Logicians 名家[Ming2 jia1] during the Warring States Period (475-220 BC) | |
| 维特根斯坦 | Wéi tè gēn sī tǎn | Wittgenstein (name) / Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), Austrian-British philosopher | |
| 圣奥古斯丁 | Shèng Aò gǔ sī dīng | St Augustine / Aurelius Augustinus (354-430), theologian and Christian philosopher / Sankt Augustin, suburb of Beuel, Bonn, Germany | |
| 波兹曼 | Bō zī màn | Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906), Austrian physicist and philosopher | |
| 普鲁东 | Pǔ lǔ dōng | Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865), French socialist philosopher | |
| 莱布尼兹 | Lái bù ní zī | Leibnitz (name) / Gottfriend Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716), German mathematician and philosopher, co-inventor of the calculus | |
| 阿多诺 | A1 duō nuò | surname Adorno / Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno 狄奧多·阿多諾|狄奥多·阿多诺[Di2 ao4 duo1 · / A1 duo1 nuo4] (1903-1969), German sociologist, philosopher, musicologist, and composer | |
| 阿尔都塞 | A1 ěr dōu sāi | surname Althusser / Louis Pierre Althusser 路易·皮埃爾·阿爾都塞|路易·皮埃尔·阿尔都塞[Lu4 yi4 · / Pi2 ai1 er3 · / A1 er3 dou1 sai1] (1918-1990), Marxist philosopher | |
| 德勒兹 | Dé lè zī | Gilles Deleuze (1925-1995), French philosopher | |
| 福柯 | Fú kē | Michel Foucault (1926-1984), French philosopher | |
| 哈伯玛斯 | Hā bó mǎ sī | Jürgen Habermas (1929-), German social philosopher | |
| 海德格尔 | Hǎi dé gé ěr | Martin Heidegger (1889-1976), German philosopher | |
| 韩非 | Hán Fēi | Han Fei, also known as Han Feizi 韓非子|韩非子[Han2 Fei1 zi3] (c. 280-233 BC), Legalist philosopher of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC) | |
| 赫拉克利特 | Hè lā kè lì tè | Heraclitus (535-475 BC), pre-Socratic philosopher | |
| 普罗提诺 | Pǔ luó tí nuò | Plotinus (204-270), Neoplatonism philosopher | |
| 叁浦·梅园 | | MIURA Baien (1723-1789), Japanese neo-Confucian philosopher and pioneer economist, author of The Origin of value 價原|价原 | |
| 原道 | yuán dào | original path / essay by Tang philosopher Han Yu 韓愈|韩愈[Han2 Yu4] | |
| 子产 | Zǐ Chǎn | Zi Chan (?-522 BC), statesman and philosopher during the Spring and Autumn period | |
| 孙武子 | Sūn Wǔ zǐ | Sun Wu, famous general, strategist and Legalist philosopher, contemporary with Confucius 孔子[Kong3 zi3] (551-479 BC), author of "The Art of War" 孫子兵法|孙子兵法[Sun1 zi3 Bing1 fa3] / also known as Sun Tzu 孫子|孙子[Sun1 zi3] | |
| 恩培多克勒 | En1 péi duō kè lēi | Empedocles (490-430 BC), Greek Sicilian pre-Socratic philosopher | |
| 爱留根纳 | Aì liú gēn nà | Eriugena, John Scottus (c. 810-880) Irish poet, theologian, and philosopher of Neoplatonism | |
| 托马斯·阿奎纳 | | Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), Italian Catholic priest in the Dominican Order, philosopher and theologian in the scholastic tradition | |
| 日知录 | Rì zhī lù | Rizhilu or Record of daily study, by early Confucian philosopher Gu Yanwu 顧炎武|顾炎武 | |
| 春秋繁露 | chūn qiū fán lù | Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals, ideological tract by Han dynasty political philosopher Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒[Dong3 Zhong4 shu1] | |
| 李悝 | Lǐ Kuī | Li Kui (455-395 BC), legalist philosopher and statesman of Wei state 魏國|魏国[Wei4 guo2] | |
| 柏克莱 | Bǎi kè lái | Berkeley (name) / George Berkeley (1685-1753), Bishop of Cloyne, famous British philosopher / Berkeley, university city in the San Francisco bay area, California | |
| 法兰西斯·培根 | | Francis Bacon (1561-1626), English renaissance philosopher and early scientist | |
| 狄奥多·阿多诺 | | Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno (1903-1969), German sociologist, philosopher, musicologist, and composer | |
| 举贤良对策 | jǔ xián liáng duì cè | Treatise 134 BC by Han dynasty philosopher Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒 | |
| 范缜 | Fàn Zhěn | Fan Zhen (c. 450-c. 510), philosopher from Qi and Liang of the Southern dynasties, as atheist denying Buddhist teachings on karma and rebirth | |
| 费尔巴哈 | Fèi ěr bā hā | Ludwig Feuerbach (1804-1872), materialist philosopher | |
| 鲍德里亚 | Bào dé lǐ yà | Jean Baudrillard (1929-2007), French cultural theorist and philosopher | |
| 庞加莱 | Páng jiā lái | Henri Poincaré / (1854-1912), French mathematician, physicist and philosopher | |
| 伊壁鸠鲁 | yī bì jiū lǔ | Epicurus (341-270 BC), ancient Greek philosopher | |
| 龙树 | Lóng shù | Nāgārjuna (c. 150-250 AD), Buddhist philosopher | |
| 王弼 | Wáng Bì | Wang Bi (226-249), Chinese neo-Daoist philosopher | |
| 邓析 | Dèng Xī | Deng Xi (545-501 BC), Chinese philosopher and rhetorician, the first lawyer of ancient China | |
| 莱布尼茨 | Lái bù ní cí | Leibniz (name) / Gottfriend Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716), German mathematician and philosopher, co-inventor of the calculus | |
| 亚当·斯密 | yà dāng · sī mì | Adam Smith (1723-1790), Scottish ethical philosopher and pioneer economist, author of The Wealth of Nations 國富論|国富论 | |
| 三浦梅园 | Sān pǔ Méi yuán | MIURA Baien (1723-1789), Japanese neo-Confucian philosopher and pioneer economist, author of The Origin of value 價原|价原[Jia4 yuan2] | |
| 卡尔・马克思 | Kǎ ěr · Mǎ kè sī | Karl Marx (1818-1883), German socialist philosopher, political activist and founder of Marxism | |
| 弗兰西斯・培根 | Fú lán xī sī · Péi gēn | Francis Bacon (1561-1626), English renaissance philosopher and early scientist | |
| 托马斯・阿奎纳 | Tuō mǎ sī · A1 kuí nà | Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), Italian Catholic priest in the Dominican Order, philosopher and theologian in the scholastic tradition | |
| 法兰西斯・培根 | Fǎ lán xī sī · Péi gēn | Francis Bacon (1561-1626), English renaissance philosopher and early scientist | |
| 狄奥多・阿多诺 | Dí ào duō · A1 duō nuò | Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno (1903-1969), German sociologist, philosopher, musicologist, and composer | |
| 路易・皮埃尔・阿尔都塞 | Lù yì · Pí āi ěr · A1 ěr dōu sāi | Louis Pierre Althusser (1918-1990), Marxist philosopher | |
| 埃德蒙・伯克 | Aī dé méng · Bó kè | Edmund Burke (1729-1797), Irish philosopher and political scientist, member of British Parliament | |
| 亚当・斯密 | Yà dāng · Sī mì | Adam Smith (1723-1790), Scottish ethical philosopher and pioneer economist, author of The Wealth of Nations 國富論|国富论 | |
| 克里斯蒂娃 | Kè lǐ sī dì wá | Julia Kristeva (1941-), Bulgarian-French psychoanalyst, philosopher and literary critic | |
| 哈贝马斯 | Hā bèi mǎ sī | Jürgen Habermas (1929-), German social philosopher | |
| 乔治・布尔 | Qiáo zhì · Bù ěr | George Boole (1815-1864), English mathematician, philosopher and logician, author of The Laws of Thought and the inventor of Boolean logic | |
| 玻尔兹曼 | Bō ěr zī màn | Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906), Austrian physicist and philosopher | |
| 路易·皮埃尔·阿尔都塞 | Lù yì · Pí āi ěr · A1 ěr dōu sāi | Louis Pierre Althusser (1918-1990), Marxist philosopher | |
| 狄奥多·阿多诺 | Dí ào duō · A1 duō nuò | Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno (1903-1969), German sociologist, philosopher, musicologist, and composer | |
